The effects of temperature on valve-regulated lead-acid (VRLA) battery performance are quantified for the following areas:
(1) The capacity-temperature relationship (dC/dT) for discharge rates of 0.17 to 8.0 hours and a temperature range of 30 to 140°F (-1 to 60°C); (2) empirical equations are derived to allow the calculation of dC/dT for most discharge rates;
(3) The external surface temperature which best tracks the cell internal temperature during discharge was found to be the container wall surface, parallel to the plates;
(4) Tests in which the -3 mV/°C coefficient is applied to prevent thermal runaway are shown to cause negative plate self-discharge at temperatures as low as 37°C (99°F);
(5) A container wall surface temperature was found to be within 2°C of the internal cell in lift: tests at 50°C (122°F);
(6) Experimental results indicated that cell failure due to negative plate self-discharge at 25°C may not be detected in elevated ambient or life test temperatures.
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