The thermal behavior of VRLA batteries has received considerable attention in the context of both service-life and thermal runaway. Thermal runaway of VRLA batteries describes the condition where the rate of heat generation within the battery exceeds its heat dissipation capacity, and is often linked to charging abuse or high ambient operating temperatures. For batteries on float service, thermal runaway is characterized by a cooperative increase in both charging (float) current and internal battery temperature over time which may lead to catastrophic and destructive failure. Evolution of hydrogen sulfide ahs also been reported during thermal runaway events. System conditions believed to be conducive to thermal runaway have been described and many thermal management strategies have been advocated. The physical geometry and internal design of the VRLA battery and the design of the battery installations contribute to the susceptibility of thermal runaway. Current-limited float charging or temperature compensation of the float voltage is often proposed as important in alleviating the risk of thermal runaway. However, either technique may not be easily applied in existing standby installations.
Thermal runaway may be difficult to predict and the causative agents often difficult to determine. It is therefore of interest to understand the conditions within an VRLA cell or battery which might exist prior to an thermal runaway episode. However, information about the thermal conditions and temperature distributions inside monoblock designs during both normal and abnormal operating conditions is limited. High resolution measurement of the internal temperature gradients and float parameters has been used to characterize battery system conditions prior to thermal runaway.
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